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Clarithromycin (Monograph)

Brand name: Biaxin
Drug class: Other Macrolides
- Antimycobacterial Agents
VA class: AM200
CAS number: 81103-11-9

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Sep 14, 2023. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Antibacterial; macrolide antibiotic.1

Uses for Clarithromycin

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

Treatment of AOM caused by H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae.1 431

Not a drug of first choice; considered an alternative for patients with a history of type I penicillin hypersensitivity.396 431 May not be effective for AOM that fails to respond to amoxicillin since S. pneumoniae resistant to amoxicillin also may be resistant to clarithromycin.423

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis

Treatment of pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic streptococci).1 2 19 24 25 62 63 143 Generally effective in eradicating S. pyogenes from the nasopharynx, but efficacy in the prevention of subsequent rheumatic fever has not been established to date.1

CDC, AAP, IDSA, AHA, and others recommend oral penicillin V or IM penicillin G benzathine as treatments of choice;107 109 110 396 oral cephalosporins and oral macrolides considered alternatives.107 109 110 396 Amoxicillin sometimes used instead of penicillin V, especially for young children.109 396

Consider that strains of S. pyogenes resistant to macrolides are common in some areas of the world (e.g., Japan, Finland) and clarithromycin-resistant strains have been reported in the US.396 446 461 (See Selection and Use of Anti-infectives under Cautions.)

Respiratory Tract Infections

Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae.1 2 26 144

Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae.1 56

Treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by H. influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae), S. pneumoniae,1 29 30 46 47 56 96 121 130 131 132 133 H. parainfluenzae, or M. catarrhalis.1

Treatment of Legionnaires’ disease† [off-label] caused by Legionella pneumophila.13 447 448 Drugs of choice are macrolides (usually azithromycin) or fluoroquinolones with or without rifampin.13 447 448 449 450 450

Treatment of pertussis† [off-label] caused by Bordetella pertussis.393 396 452 454 Erythromycin traditionally has been drug of choice for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis of pertussis,396 452 454 but other macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin) appear to be as effective and may be associated with better compliance because they are better tolerated.396 452 454

Skin and Skin Structure Infections

Treatment of uncomplicated skin or skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus or S. pyogenes.1 56 57 136 137 138 139 140

Helicobacter pylori Infection and Duodenal Ulcer Disease

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or 1-year history of duodenal ulcer);1 335 353 377 378 eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.1 335 353 377 378

Used in a multidrug regimen that includes amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and either lansoprazole or omeprazole (triple therapy).1 335 353 377 378 393 Also used with omeprazole (dual therapy) or ranitidine bismuth citrate (dual therapy).1 324

Bartonella Infections

Treatment of infections caused by B. henselae† [off-label] (e.g., cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatitis).444 465

Cat scratch disease generally self-limited in immunocompetent individuals and may resolve spontaneously in 2–4 months; some clinicians suggest that anti-infectives be considered for acutely or severely ill patients with systemic symptoms, particularly those with hepatosplenomegaly or painful lymphadenopathy, and such therapy probably is indicated in immunocompromised patients.396 465

Anti-infectives also indicated in patients with B. henselae infections who develop bacillary angiomatosis, neuroretinitis, or Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome.396

Optimum regimens have not been identified; some clinicians recommend azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, doxycycline, rifampin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, or third generation cephalosporins.393 396 444

Cryptosporidiosis

May decrease incidence of cryptosporidiosis† [off-label] in HIV-infected adults.105 111 204 Anti-infectives may suppress the infection, but none has been found to reliably eradicate Cryptosporidium.105 106 444 445 CDC, NIH, IDSA, and others state that the most appropriate treatment for cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected individuals is the use of potent antiretroviral agents (to restore immune function) and symptomatic treatment of diarrhea.105 106 444 445

Lyme Disease

Alternate for treatment of early Lyme disease† [off-label].290 388 389 387 390 391 392 394 395 396 397 398 427 428 IDSA, AAP, and others recommend doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime;345 393 396 427 428 429 macrolides may be less effective than these first-line agents.290 345 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 427 428

Mycobacterial Infections

Primary prevention (primary prophylaxis) of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia or disseminated infections in adults, adolescents, and children with advanced HIV infection.1 201 203 204 210 293 350 Recommended by USPHS/IDSA as a drug of choice for primary prevention of MAC in HIV-infected patients.204

Treatment of disseminated MAC infection in HIV-infected adults, adolescents, and children.1 7 172 173 175 176 177 178 185 187 211 293 350 444 445 ATS, CDC, NIH, IDSA, and others recommend a regimen of clarithromycin (or azithromycin) and ethambutol and state that consideration may be given to adding a third drug (preferably rifabutin).201 215 221 350 369 393 444 445 Clarithromycin usually the preferred macrolide for initial treatment; azithromycin can be substituted if clarithromycin cannot be used because of drug interactions or intolerance and is preferred in pregnant women.444 445

Prevention of recurrence (secondary prophylaxis) of disseminated MAC infection in HIV-infected adults, adolescents, and children.1 175 177 185 204 350 444 445 USPHS/IDSA, CDC, NIH, IDSA, and others recommend a macrolide (clarithromycin or azithromycin) given with ethambutol (with or without rifabutin).204 444 445 Azithromycin usually the preferred macrolide for use in conjunction with ethambutol for secondary prophylaxis in pregnant women.204 444

Treatment of pulmonary MAC infections in HIV-negative patients†.350 451 A multiple-drug regimen of clarithromycin (or azithromycin), ethambutol, and either rifabutin or rifampin usually recommended.350

Treatment of M. kansasii infections†; an alternative agent.350 393

Treatment of cutaneous infections caused by M. abscessus or Mycobacterium chelonae†.188 350 393 462

Treatment of cutaneous M. marinum infection†.189 350 393

Toxoplasmosis

Has been used in conjunction with pyrimethamine for treatment of encephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii† in HIV-infected patients;2 48 444 not a preferred or alternative agent.444 445 464 CDC, NIH, IDSA, and others usually recommend pyrimethamine in conjunction with sulfadiazine and leucovorin for treatment of toxoplasmosis in adults and children, especially immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV-infected individuals).444 445 464

Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis

Alternative for prevention of α-hemolytic (viridans group) streptococcal endocarditis† in penicillin-allergic patients undergoing certain dental, oral, respiratory tract, or esophageal procedures who have cardiac conditions that put them at high or moderate risk.345

Consult most recent AHA recommendations for specific information on which cardiac conditions are associated with high or moderate risk of endocarditis and which procedures require prophylaxis.345

Clarithromycin Dosage and Administration

Administration

Oral Administration

Conventional tablets and oral suspension: Administer orally without regard to meals.1 2 3 Oral suspension may be administered with milk.1 2 3

Extended-release tablets: Administer orally with food.1 2 3 Should be swallowed whole and not chewed, broken, or crushed.1

Reconstitution

Reconstitute granules for oral suspension at the time of dispensing by adding the amount of water specified on the bottle in two portions; agitate well after each addition.1 Agitate well just prior to use.1

Dosage

Extended-release tablets may be used only for treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and CAP in adults; safety and efficacy not established for treatment of other infections in adults or for use in pediatric patients.1

Pediatric Patients

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
Oral

7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 10 days.1 431

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
Oral

7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 10 days.1

Respiratory Tract Infections
Acute Bacterial Sinusitis
Oral

7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 10 days.1

Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Oral

7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 10 days.1

Pertussis†
Oral

15–20 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses (up to 1 g daily) for 7 days.396 7.5 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days has been used in children 1 month to 16 years of age.454

Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Oral

7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 10 days.1

Bartonella Infections†
Cat Scratch Disease Caused by Bartonella henselae†
Oral

500 mg daily for 4 weeks.465

Bartonella Infections in HIV-infected Individuals†
Oral

Adolescents: 500 mg twice daily for ≥3 months recommended by CDC, NIH, and IDSA.444 If relapse occurs, consider lifelong secondary prophylaxis (chronic maintenance therapy) with erythromycin or doxycycline.444

Lyme Disease†
Oral

7.5 mg/kg (up to 500 mg) twice daily for 14–21 days for treatment of early localized or early disseminated disease.428

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) Infections
Primary Prevention of MAC in Children with Advanced HIV Infection
Oral

7.5 mg/kg (up to 500 mg) every 12 hours.1 204

USPHS/IDSA recommends initiation of primary prophylaxis if CD4+ T-cell count is <750/mm3 in those <1 year, <500/mm3 in those 1–2 years, <75/mm3 in those 2–6 years, or <50/mm3 in those ≥6 years of age.204

Primary Prevention of MAC in Adolescents with Advanced HIV Infection
Oral

500 mg every 12 hours.1 204

USPHS/IDSA recommends initiation of primary prophylaxis if CD4+ T-cell count is <50/mm3.204 May be discontinued if there is immune recovery in response to antiretroviral therapy and an increase in CD4+ T-cell count to >100/mm3 sustained for ≥3 months.204 Reinitiate prophylaxis if CD4+ T-cell count decreases to <50–100/mm3.204

Treatment of Disseminated MAC in HIV-infected Children
Oral

Manufacturer recommends 7.5 mg/kg (up to 500 mg) every 12 hours.1

CDC, NIH, and IDSA recommend 7.5–15 mg/kg (maximum 500 mg) twice daily in conjunction with ethambutol (15–25 mg/kg once daily [up to 1 g daily]) with or without rifabutin (10–20 mg/kg once daily [up to 300 mg daily]).445

Treatment of Disseminated MAC in HIV-infected Adolescents
Oral

500 mg every 12 hours444 in conjunction with ethambutol (15 mg/kg daily) with or without a third drug (e.g., rifabutin 300 mg once daily) recommended by CDC, NIH, and IDSA.444 Higher dosage not recommended since such dosage has been associated with reduced survival in clinical studies.171 201 204 211 214 223 224 351

Prevention of MAC Recurrence in HIV-infected Children
Oral

7.5 mg/kg (maximum 500 mg) twice daily1 204 in conjunction with ethambutol (15 mg/kg [maximum 900 mg] once daily) with or without rifabutin (5 mg/kg [maximum 300 mg] once daily).204

Secondary prophylaxis to prevent MAC recurrence in HIV-infected children usually continued for life.204 445 The safety of discontinuing secondary MAC prophylaxis in children whose CD4+ T-cell count increases in response to antiretroviral therapy has not been studied.204 445

Prevention of MAC Recurrence in HIV-infected Adolescents
Oral

500 mg every 12 hours1 204 444 in conjunction with ethambutol (15 mg/kg once daily) with or without rifabutin (300 mg once daily).204 444

Secondary prophylaxis to prevent MAC recurrence usually continued for life in HIV-infected adolescents.204 USPHS/IDSA states that consideration can be given to discontinuing such prophylaxis after ≥12 months in those who remain asymptomatic with respect to MAC and have an increase in CD4+ T-cell count to >100/mm3 sustained for ≥6 months.204 444

Treatment of Cutaneous Mycobacterium abscessus Infections†
Oral

15 mg/kg daily (with or without incision and drainage of lesions) has been used in children 1–15 years of age.462

Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis†
Patients Undergoing Certain Dental, Oral, Respiratory Tract, or Esophageal Procedures
Oral

15 mg/kg as a single dose given 1 hour prior to the procedure.345

Adults

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
Oral

250 mg every 12 hours for 10 days.1

Respiratory Tract Infections
Acute Bacterial Sinusitis
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg every 12 hours for 14 days.1

Extended-release tablets: 1 g (two 500-mg extended release tablets) once daily for 14 days.1

Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg every 12 hours for 7–14 days for H. influenzae,1 500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days for H. parainfluenzae,1 or 250 mg every 12 hours for 7–14 days for M. catarrhalis or S. pneumoniae.1

Extended-release tablets: 1 g (two 500-mg extended-release tablets) once daily for 7 days.1

Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 250 mg every 12 hours for 7 days for H. influenzae or for 7–14 days for S. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, or M. pneumoniae.1

Extended-release tablets: 1 g (two 500-mg extended-release tablets) once daily for 7 days.1

Legionnaires’ Disease†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg twice daily.447 448 Usual duration is 10 days for mild to moderate infections in immunocompetent patients;447 longer duration of treatment (3 weeks) may be necessary to prevent relapse, especially in those with more severe infections or with underlying comorbidity or immunodeficiency.447 448

Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 250 mg every 12 hours for 7–14 days.1

Helicobacter pylori Infection and Duodenal Ulcer Disease
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg twice daily for 10 or 14 days given in conjunction with amoxicillin and lansoprazole (triple therapy);1 353 378 500 mg twice daily for 10 days given in conjunction with amoxicillin and omeprazole (triple therapy);377 500 mg 3 times daily for 14 days given in conjunction with omeprazole or ranitidine bismuth citrate (dual therapy).1 377

Bartonella Infections†
Cat Scratch Disease Caused by Bartonella henselae†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg daily for 4 weeks.465

Bartonella Infections in HIV-infected Individuals†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg twice daily for ≥3 months recommended by CDC, NIH, and IDSA.444 If relapse occurs, consider lifelong secondary prophylaxis (chronic maintenance therapy) with erythromycin or doxycycline.444

Lyme Disease†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg twice daily for 14–21 days for treatment of early localized or early disseminated disease.428

Mycobacterial Infections
Primary Prevention of MAC in Adults with Advanced HIV Infection
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg every 12 hours.1 204

USPHS/IDSA recommends initiation of primary prophylaxis if CD4+ T-cell count is <50/mm3.204 May be discontinued if there is immune recovery in response to antiretroviral therapy and an increase in CD4+ T-cell count to >100/mm3 sustained for ≥3 months.204 Reinitiate prophylaxis if CD4+ T-cell count decreases to <50–100/mm3.204

Treatment of Disseminated MAC in HIV-infected Adults
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg every 12 hours1 444 in conjunction with ethambutol (15 mg/kg daily) with or without a third drug (e.g., rifabutin 300 mg once daily).444 Higher dosage not recommended since such dosage has been associated with reduced survival in clinical studies.171 201 204 211 214 223 224 351

Prevention of MAC Recurrence in HIV-infected Adults
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg every 12 hours1 204 444 in conjunction with ethambutol (15 mg/kg once daily) with or without rifabutin (300 mg once daily).204 444

Secondary prophylaxis to prevent MAC recurrence usually continued for life in HIV-infected adults.204 USPHS/IDSA states that consideration can be given to discontinuing such prophylaxis after ≥12 months in those who remain asymptomatic with respect to MAC and have an increase in CD4+ T-cell count to >100/mm3 sustained for ≥6 months.204 444

Treatment of MAC in HIV-negative Adults†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg every 12 hours in conjunction with ethambutol and rifabutin or rifampin.350

Mycobacterium abscessus or M. chelonae Infections†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 0.5–1 g twice daily for 6 months.188 462

M. marinum Infections†
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg twice daily for at least 3 months.350

Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis†
Patients Undergoing Certain Dental, Oral, Respiratory Tract, or Esophageal Procedures
Oral

Conventional tablets or oral suspension: 500 mg as a single dose given 1 hour prior to the procedure.345

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment required.1 56 97 98

Renal Impairment

If Clcr <30 mL/minute, reduce dose by 50% or double dosing interval.1 2 126 Alternatively (for conventional tablets or oral suspension), 500 mg initially followed by 250 mg twice daily (if the usual dosage in adults with normal renal function is 500 mg twice daily) or 250 mg daily (if the usual dosage in adults with normal renal function is 250 mg twice daily).97 121

Geriatric Patients

No dosage adjustments except those related to renal impairment.1 97 121 126 128 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Detailed Clarithromycin dosage information

Cautions for Clarithromycin

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Increased Mortality

Increased risk of all-cause mortality reported during long-term follow-up of patients with coronary heart disease who received a 2-week course of clarithromycin in a randomized, placebo-controlled study.467 468 469 470 Variable results regarding effect of clarithromycin on risk of death or other heart-related adverse effects reported in other limited observational studies.467 468 470 A possible mechanism by which clarithromycin may increase the risk of death in patients with cardiovascular disease unknown.467 468 470

Consider risk of all-cause mortality when weighing risks and potential benefits of the drug in all patients, particularly those with cardiovascular disease.467 468 Even if only a short course of clarithromycin is indicated, consider other available antibiotics in those with heart disease.468 Not indicated for the treatment of coronary artery disease.467

Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity

Animal studies indicate adverse effects on pregnancy outcome and/or embryofetal development.1 Use during pregnancy only when safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective.1

Superinfection/Clostridium difficile-associated Colitis

Possible emergence and overgrowth of nonsusceptible bacteria or fungi with prolonged therapy.1 Institute appropriate therapy if superinfection occurs.1

Treatment with anti-infectives may permit overgrowth of clostridia.1 Consider Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis) if diarrhea develops and manage accordingly.1 400 401 402 403 404

Sensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity and Dermatologic Reactions

Possible allergic reactions (e.g., mild urticaria and skin eruptions).1 2 29 47 370 371 Severe reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) reported rarely.1 370 371

General Precautions

Hepatic Effects

Severe, reversible hepatic dysfunction (including cholestasis, with or without jaundice)1 and hepatomegaly2 29 47 reported.1

Fatal hepatic failure occurred in association with serious underlying disease and/or concomitant drugs.1

Resistance in Helicobacter pylori

Increased risk of developing clarithromycin resistance if used as the sole anti-infective agent in regimens for treatment of H. pylori infection.1 If therapy fails, perform in vitro susceptibility testing.1 197 377 378 Do not use clarithromycin if H. pylori is resistant.1 197 377 378

Cardiac Effects

Ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes reported rarely in patients with prolonged QT intervals.1

History of Acute Porphyria

Concomitant therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate not recommended.1

Selection and Use of Anti-infectives

To reduce development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of clarithromycin and other antibacterials, use only for treatment or prevention of infections proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.1

When selecting or modifying anti-infective therapy, use results of culture and in vitro susceptibility testing.1 In the absence of such data, consider local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns when selecting anti-infectives for empiric therapy.1

Consider that S. pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic streptococci) resistant to clarithromycin have been reported.396 446 461

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.1 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity under Cautions.)

Lactation

Distributed into milk following oral administration.460 Use with caution.1

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established in children <6 months of age.1

Manufacturer states safety not established in children <20 months of age with MAC infection,1 but USPHS/IDSA recommends use of the drug for HIV-infected infants and children.204

Geriatric Use

Adverse effect profile similar to that in younger adults.1 121 126

Dosage adjustment based solely on age not required.1 97 121 126 128

Clearance may be reduced due to age-related decreases in renal function.97 98 Consider need for dosage adjustment in those with severe renal impairment. (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Renal Impairment

Increased half-life.1 2 56 97 98 Dosage adjustment may be necessary.1 2 126 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Concomitant therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate not recommended if Clcr <25 mL/minute.1

Common Adverse Effects

GI adverse effects (diarrhea, nausea, abnormal taste, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) and headache.1

Drug Interactions

Clarithromycin is metabolized by and inhibits CYP3A4.1

Drugs Affecting or Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Pharmacokinetic interactions with substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP3A4 are likely.1

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Amprenavir

Increased amprenavir concentrations and AUC;437 438 439 possible decreased clarithromycin concentrations and decreased 14-hydroxyclarithromycin concentrations and AUC439

No dosage adjustments recommended437 438 439

Anticoagulants, oral

Increased anticoagulant effect1

Monitor PT carefully1

Antihistamines (astemizole, terfenadine)

Increased plasma concentrations of astemizole or terfenadine; prolonged QT interval and serious cardiac arrhythmias 1 150 154 155 157 158 159 161 162 163 164 166 167 352

Contraindicated1 150 156 157 191 160 161 162 163 164

Antimycobacterials (rifabutin)

Potential inhibition of rifabutin metabolism373 and induction of clarithromycin metabolism;227 373 possible increased incidence of uveitis with concomitant rifabutin and clarithromycin 373 374 375 376

Atazanavir

Increased atazanavir plasma concentrations;430 increased clarithromycin plasma concentrations and decreased 14-hydroxyclarithromycin plasma concentrations;430 437 increased clarithromycin concentrations may cause QTc prolongation430 437

Consider reducing clarithromycin dosage by 50%;430 437 consider alternative to clarithromycin430 437 for indications other than Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)430

Benzodiazepines (alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam)

Potential decreased clearance of midazolam or triazolam and increased pharmacologic effects of the benzodiazepines1

Somnolence and confusion reported with clarithromycin and triazolam1

Carbamazepine

Increased carbamazepine plasma concentrations and carbamazepine toxicity (i.e., drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia)2 51 338

Use with caution; consider reducing carbamazepine dosage and/or monitoring plasma carbamazepine concentrations1 338

Cisapride

Increased cisapride plasma concentrations;339 prolonged QT interval and serious cardiac arrhythmias; some fatalities1

Contraindicated1

Colchicine

Possible increased risk of colchicine toxicity when used concomitantly with clarithromycin, especially in elderly patients and/or patients with renal impairment1 463

Some clinicians state colchicine and clarithromycin should not be used concomitantly463

Darifenacin

Possible pharmacokinetic interaction455

Manufacturer of darifenacin states darifenacin dosage should not exceed 7.5 mg daily in patients receiving a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., clarithromycin)455

Delavirdine

Increased clarithromycin concentrations and AUC;112 437 increased delavirdine concentrations437

Dosage adjustment not needed in those with normal renal function;112 437 reduce clarithromycin dosage by 50% if Clcr is 30–60 mL/minute; reduce clarithromycin dosage by 75% if Clcr is <30 mL/minute112

Didanosine

No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions 1

Digoxin

Increased serum digoxin concentrations and digoxin toxicity (including potentially fatal arrhythmias)1

Monitor serum digoxin concentrations carefully1

Disopyramide

Potential increased half-life of disopyramide340 and risk of prolonged QT interval and serious cardiac arrhythmias1 340

Monitor ECGs and serum disopyramide concentrations1

Efavirenz

Decreased clarithromycin AUC and peak plasma concentrations;435 437 increased 14-hydroxyclarithromycin AUC and peak plasma concentrations;435 no effect on AUC of efavirenz;435 rash reported with concomitant administration435

Dosage adjustment of efavirenz not recommended; monitor for efficacy of the macrolide437 or consider use of an alternative anti-infective435 437

Ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine)

Acute ergot toxicity (vasospasm and ischemia of extremities and other tissues, including CNS)1 225

Concomitant use contraindicated1

Erlotinib

Possible pharmacokinetic interaction456

Manufacturer of erlotinib recommends caution in patients receiving a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., clarithromycin);456 consider reducing erlotinib dosage if severe adverse effects occur456

Eszopiclone

Possible pharmacokinetic interaction457

Manufacturer of eszopiclone recommends eszopiclone dosage be reduced in patients receiving a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., clarithromycin);457 initial eszopiclone dosage should be <1 mg, but may be increased to 2 mg if clinically indicated457

Fluconazole

Increased clarithromycin plasma concentrations1

Fosamprenavir

Studies using amprenavir indicate possible increased amprenavir concentrations and AUC437 440

Not considered clinically important;441 dosage adjustments not recommended437

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors

Increased HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor plasma concentrations and potential for rhabdomyolysis1

Indinavir

Increased indinavir and clarithromycin concentrations437 443

Indinavir manufacturer states appropriate dosages for concomitant use with respect to safety and efficacy not established;443 some experts state dosage adjustments not needed437

Lopinavir

Increased clarithromycin AUC433 437

Reduce clarithromycin dosage by 50% if Clcr is 30–60 mL/minute; reduce clarithromycin dosage by 75% if Clcr is <30 mL/minute433

Nevirapine

Decreased clarithromycin AUC and peak plasma concentration;436 437 increased 14-hydroxyclarithromycin AUC and peak plasma concentration;436 increased nevirapine concentrations437

Monitor for efficacy of the macrolide or use an alternative anti-infective436 437

Omeprazole

Increased concentrations of clarithromycin, 14-hydroxyclarithromycin, and omeprazole194 196

Pimozide

Potential increased pimozide plasma concentrations and risk of prolonged QT interval and serious cardiac arrhythmias1 271 272

Contraindicated1 272

Quinidine

Risk of prolonged QT interval and serious cardiac arrhythmias1

Monitor ECGs and serum quinidine concentrations1

Ranitidine

Increased plasma ranitidine concentrations and increased 14-hydroxyclarithromycin concentrations;1 not considered clinically important1

Ritonavir

Increased AUC and peak plasma concentration of ritonavir and of clarithromycin;1 434 decreased AUC and peak plasma concentration of 14-hydroxyclarithromycin1 434

Dosage adjustment not needed in patients with normal renal function; reduce clarithromycin dosage by 50% if Clcr is 30–60 mL/minute; reduce clarithromycin dosage by 75% if Clcr is <30 mL/minute1 434

Saquinavir

Increased clarithromycin AUC and plasma concentrations; decreased 14-hydroxyclarithromycin AUC; increased AUC and plasma concentrations of saquinavir432 437 442

Dosage adjustments may not be needed437 if used concomitantly for a limited time432 442

For those receiving ritonavir-boosted saquinavir, manufacturer of saquinavir states modification of dosage not necessary in those with normal renal function but clarithromycin dosage should be reduced 50% in those with Clcr 30–60 mL/minute and reduced 75% in those with Clcr <30 mL/minute432 442

Sildenafil

Potential increased exposure to sildenafil1

Consider reducing sildenafil dosage1

Theophylline

Potential increased serum theophylline concentrations1 2 50

Monitor serum theophylline concentrations in those receiving high theophylline dosage or with baseline in the upper therapeutic range;1 adjust theophylline dosage as needed when clarithromycin is initiated or discontinued121 126

Zidovudine

Decreased zidovudine plasma concentrations1 2 52
Clarithromycin drug interactions (more detail)

Clarithromycin Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Rapidly absorbed from GI tract.1 2 56 97 98 With conventional tablets or oral suspension, peak serum concentrations within 1–4 hours.2 56 With extended-release tablets, peak serum concentrations within 5–8 hours.1

Absolute bioavailability of conventional tablets is about 50–55%;1 2 53 56 98 absolute bioavailability may be an underestimate of systemic activity because of rapid first-pass metabolism and an active metabolite (14-hydroxyclarithromycin).98

Food

With conventional tablets, food causes a slight delay in onset of clarithromycin absorption but extent of absorption is unaffected.1 56 With extended-release tablets, food increases the extent of absorption by 30%.1

Distribution

Extent

Clarithromycin and 14-hydroxyclarithromycin distributed into most body tissues and fluids1 2 54 55 56 68 in concentrations greater than serum concentrations.1 56 68

Distributed into CSF following oral administration.458

Not known whether clarithromycin is distributed into milk.1

Plasma Protein Binding

42–72%.2 98 126

Elimination

Metabolism

Extensively metabolized in the liver, principally by oxidative N-demethylation and hydroxylation.98 At least 7 metabolites identified; 14-hydroxyclarithromycin is the principal metabolite in serum and the only one with substantial antibacterial activity.1 2 3 4 56 97

Elimination Route

Eliminated by both renal and nonrenal mechanisms;1 2 3 56 97 98 approximately 38% of a dose excreted in urine and 40% in feces.1 2 4 126

Half-life

4–11 hours.1 2 4

Special Populations

Renal impairment decreases clearance of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxyclarithromycin.1 2 56 70 97 98

Hepatic impairment reduces formation of the active metabolite; however, an increase in renal clearance of the parent drug obviates the need for a dosage reduction unless renal impairment also is present.1 56 97 98

Stability

Storage

Oral

For Suspension

Granules for oral suspension: Tight container at 15–30°C.1 Following reconstitution, do not refrigerate.1

Tablets

Conventional 250-mg tablets: Tight, light-resistant container at 15–30°C and protect from light.1

Conventional 500-mg tablets: Tight container at 20–25°C.1

Extended-release tablets: 20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1

Clarithromycin Combinations

Kit containing clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and lansoprazole: 20–25°C.353

Actions and Spectrum

Advice to Patients

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Clarithromycin

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

For suspension

125 mg/5 mL*

Clarithromycin for Suspension

250 mg/5 mL*

Clarithromycin for Suspension

Tablets, film-coated

250 mg*

Biaxin Filmtab

AbbVie

Clarithromycin Tablets

500 mg*

Biaxin Filmtab

AbbVie

Clarithromycin Tablets

Tablets, extended-release, film-coated

500 mg*

Clarithromycin Tablets Extended-release

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Clarithromycin Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Kit

4 Capsules, Amoxicillin (trihydrate) 500 mg (of amoxicillin) (Trimox)

2 Capsules, delayed-release (containing enteric-coated granules), Lansoprazole, 30 mg (Prevacid)

2 Tablets, film-coated, Clarithromycin, 500 mg (Biaxin Filmtab)

4 Capsules, Amoxicillin (trihydrate) 500 mg (of amoxicillin)

2 Capsules, delayed-release (containing enteric-coated granules), Lansoprazole, 30 mg

2 Tablets, film-coated, Clarithromycin, 500 mg

Prevpac

Takeda Pharmaceuticals

Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, and Lansoprazole

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions September 24, 2018. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

1. Abbott Laboratories. Biaxin (clarithromycin) Filmtab tablets, XL Filmtab extended-release tablets, and granules for oral suspension prescribing information. North Chicago, IL; 2005 Jan.

2. Piscitelli SC, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Clarithromycin and azithromycin: new macrolide antibiotics. Clin Pharm. 1992; 11:137-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1312921?dopt=AbstractPlus

3. Abbott Laboratories. Biaxin (clarithromycin) product information. North Chicago, IL; 1992 Feb.

4. Ferrero JL, Bopp BA, Marsh KC et al. Metabolism and disposition of clarithromycin in man. Drug Metab Dispos. 1990; 18:441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1976065?dopt=AbstractPlus

5. Hanson CW, Bailer R, Gade E et al. Regression analysis, proposed interpretative zone size standards, and quality control guidelines for a new macrolide antimicrobial agent, A-56268 (TE-031). J Clin Microbiol. 1987; 25:1079-82. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=269140&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2954995?dopt=AbstractPlus

6. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2001; 163:1730-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11401897?dopt=AbstractPlus

7. Dautzenberg B, Truffot C, Legris S et al. Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a controlled clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 144(3 Part 1):564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1832527?dopt=AbstractPlus

8. Saint-Marc T, Touraine JL. Clinical experience with a combination of clarithromycin and clofazimine in the treatment of disseminated M. avium infections in AIDS patients. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 237.

9. Dautzenberg B, St. Marc T, Averous V et al. Clarithromycin-containing regimens in the treatment of 54 AIDS patients with disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 293.

10. Kirst HA, Sides GD. New directions for macrolide antibiotics: structural modifications and in vitro activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989; 33:1413-8. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=172675&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2684004?dopt=AbstractPlus

11. Omura S, Tsuzuki K, Sunazuka T et al. Macrolides with gastrointestinal motor stimulating activity. J Med Chem. 1987; 30:1941-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3669001?dopt=AbstractPlus

12. Fernandes PB, Bailer R, Swanson R et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986; 30:865-73. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=180609&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2949695?dopt=AbstractPlus

13. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31:347-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987697?dopt=AbstractPlus

14. Steigbigel NH. Erythromycin, lincomycin, and clindamycin. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1991:308-17.

15. Benson CA, Segreti J, Beaudette FE et al. In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide, compared with that of erythromycin and clindamycin against selected gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:328-30. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174717&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2952063?dopt=AbstractPlus

16. Hardy DJ, Hensey DM, Beyer JM et al. Comparative in vitro activities of new 14-, 15-, and 16-membered macrolides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988; 32:1710-9. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=175956&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3252753?dopt=AbstractPlus

17. Chin NX, Neu NM, Labthavikul P et al. Activity of A-56268 compared with that of erythromycin and other oral agents against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:463-6. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174754&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2953303?dopt=AbstractPlus

18. Barry AL, Jones RN, Thornsberry C. In vitro activities of azithromycin (CP 62,993), clarithromycin (A-56268; TE-031), erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988; 32:752-4. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=172265&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2840016?dopt=AbstractPlus

19. Scaglione F. Comparison of the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of clarithromycin and erythromycin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1990; 12:25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140547?dopt=AbstractPlus

20. Marchi E. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin and amoxycillin in the treatment of out-patients with acute maxillary sinusitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1990; 12:19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140546?dopt=AbstractPlus

21. Fraschini F. Clinical efficacy and tolerance of two new macrolides, clarithromycin and josamycin, in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Int Med Res. 1990; 18:171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140331?dopt=AbstractPlus

22. Straneo G, Scarpazza G. Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin versus josamycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with bacterial pneumonia. J Int Med Res. 1990; 18:164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140330?dopt=AbstractPlus

23. Hamedani P, Ali J, Hafeez S et al. The safety and efficacy of clarithromycin in patients with Legionella pneumonia. Chest. 1991; 100:1503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1835689?dopt=AbstractPlus

24. Levenstein JH. Clarithromycin versus penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827104?dopt=AbstractPlus

25. Bachand RT Jr. A comparative study of clarithromycin and penicillin VK in the treatment of outpatients with streptococcal pharyngitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827105?dopt=AbstractPlus

26. Karma P, Pukander J, Penttila M et al. The comparative efficacy and safety of clarithromycin and amoxycillin in the treatment of outpatients with acute maxillary sinusitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827106?dopt=AbstractPlus

27. Bachand RT Jr. Comparative study of clarithromycin and ampicillin in the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827107?dopt=AbstractPlus

28. Aldons PM. A comparison of clarithromycin with ampicillin in the treatment of outpatients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827095?dopt=AbstractPlus

29. Poirier R. Comparative study of clarithromycin and roxithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827096?dopt=AbstractPlus

30. Anderson G, Esmonde TS, Coles S et al. A comparative safety and efficacy study of clarithromycin and erythromycin stearate in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827098?dopt=AbstractPlus

31. Hardy DJ, Swanson RN, Rode RA et al. Enhancement of the in vitro and in vivo activities of clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae by 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, its major metabolite in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34:1407-13. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=175991&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2143642?dopt=AbstractPlus

32. Gelber RH, Siu P, Tsang M et al. Activities of various macrolide antibiotics against Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:760-3. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245094&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648889?dopt=AbstractPlus

33. Franzblau SG, Hastings RC. In vitro and in vivo activities of macrolides against Mycobacterium leprae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988; 32:1758-62. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=176013&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3072920?dopt=AbstractPlus

34. Ji B, Perani EG, Grosset JH. Effectiveness of clarithromycin and minocycline alone and in combination against experimental Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:579-81. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245054&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1828136?dopt=AbstractPlus

35. Fernandes PB, Hardy DJ, McDaniel D et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989; 33: 1531-4. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=172696&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2530933?dopt=AbstractPlus

36. Naik S, Ruck R. In vitro activities of several new macrolide antibiotics against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989; 33:1614-6. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=172713&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2817858?dopt=AbstractPlus

37. Waites KB, Cassell GH, Canupp KC et al. In vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas to new macrolides and aryl-fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988; 32:1500-2. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=175906&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2973283?dopt=AbstractPlus

38. Bowie WR, Shaw CE, Chan DG et al. In vitro activity of Ro 15-8074, Ro 19-5247, A-56268, and roxithromycin (RU 28965) against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:470-2. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174756&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2953304?dopt=AbstractPlus

39. Segreti J, Kessler HA, Kapell KS et al. In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031) and four other antimicrobial agents against Chlamydia trachomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:100-1. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174660&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2952061?dopt=AbstractPlus

40. Hardy DJ, Hanson CW, Hensey DM et al. Susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori to macrolides and fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1988; 22: 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3209524?dopt=AbstractPlus

41. Derouin F, Chastang C. Activity in vitro against Toxoplasma gondii of azithromycin and clarithromycin alone and with pyrimethamine. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990; 25:708-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2161824?dopt=AbstractPlus

42. Chamberland S, Kirst HA, Current WL. Comparative activity of macrolides against Toxoplasma gondii demonstrating utility of an in vitro microassay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:903-9. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245127&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1854172?dopt=AbstractPlus

43. Chang HR, Pecherè JC. In vitro effects of four macrolides (roxithromycin, spiramycin, azithromycin [CP-62,993], and A-56268) on Toxoplasma gondii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988; 32:524-9. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=172214&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2837140?dopt=AbstractPlus

44. Leclercq R, Courvalin P. Intrinsic and unusual resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogrammin antibiotics in bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:1273-6. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245157&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1929281?dopt=AbstractPlus

45. Leclercq R, Courvalin P. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogrammin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:1267-72. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245156&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1929280?dopt=AbstractPlus

46. Chien SM, Pichotta P, Siepman N et al. Treatment of community acquired pneumonia: a randomized, controlled trial comparing clarithromycin and erythromycin. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 872.

47. Cassell GH, Drnec J, Waites KB et al. Efficacy of clarithromycin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):47-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827102?dopt=AbstractPlus

48. Fernandez-Martin J, Leport C, Morlat P et al. Pyrimethamine-clarithromycin combination for therapy of acute toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:2049-52. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245324&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1836943?dopt=AbstractPlus

49. Nellans HN, Petersen AC, Peeters TL. Gastrointestinal side effects: clarithromycin superior to azithromycin in reduced smooth muscle contraction and binding. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 518.

50. Ruff F, Chu SY, Sonders RC et al. Effect of multiple doses of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Proceedings of ICAAC Atlanta 1990. Abstract 761.

51. Richens A, Chu SY, Sennello LT et al. Effect of multiple doses of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. Proceedings of ICAAC Atlanta 1990. Abstract 760.

52. Polis MA, Haneiwich S, Kovacs JA et al. Dose escalation study to determine the safety, maximally tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin with zidovudine in HIV-infected persons. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract 238.

53. Chu SY, Wilson DS, Eason C et al. Single- and multi-dose pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin. Proceedings of ICAAC Atlanta 1990. Abstract 759.

54. Fraschini F, Scaglione F, Pintucci G et al. The diffusion of clarithromycin and roxithromycin into nasal mucosa, tonsil and lung in humans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827103?dopt=AbstractPlus

55. Kohno Y, Ohta K, Suwa T et al. Autobacteriographic studies of clarithromycin and erythromycin in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34:562-7. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=171644&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140497?dopt=AbstractPlus

56. Neu HC. The development of macrolides: clarithromycin in perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827094?dopt=AbstractPlus

57. Janousky S, Northcutt VJ, Craft JC. Comparative safety and efficacy of clarithromycin and reference suspensions in the treatment of children with mild to moderate skin or skin structure infections. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 870.

58. Olsson-Liljequist B, Hoffman BM. In-vitro activity of clarithromycin combined with its 14-hydroxy metabolite A-62671 against Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827097?dopt=AbstractPlus

59. Dabernat H, Delmas C, Seguy M et al. The activity of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite against Haemophilus influenzae, determined by in-vitro and serum bactericidal tests. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):19-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827099?dopt=AbstractPlus

60. Valleé E, Azoulay-Dupuis E, Swanson R et al. Individual and combined activities of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite in a murine model of Haemophilus influenzae infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827100?dopt=AbstractPlus

61. Ridgway GL, Mumtaz G, Fenelon L. The in-vitro activity of clarithromycin and other macrolides against the type strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27(Suppl A):43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827101?dopt=AbstractPlus

62. Janousky S, Northcutt VJ, Craft JC. Comparative safety and efficacy of clarithromycin and penicillin V suspensions in the treatment of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 871.

63. Still JG, Hubbard WC, Poole JM et al. Randomized comparison of clarithromycin and penicillin V suspensions in the treatment of children with streptococcal pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 873.

64. Wood MJ. More macrolides: some may be improvement on erythromycin. BMJ. 1991; 303:594-5. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1671102&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1932896?dopt=AbstractPlus

65. Chu SY, Park Y, Wilson DS et al. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin after 250 mg BID dosing of a suspension formulation. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 516.

66. Moellering RC Jr. Principles of anti-infective therapy. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1991:206-18.

67. Fraschini F, Scaglione F, Pintucci JP et al. Clarithromycin and its 14-OH-metabolite. Pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution in humans. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 512.

68. Kohno Y, Yoshida H, Suwa T et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic, and erythromycin in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989; 33:751-6. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=172527&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2526615?dopt=AbstractPlus

69. Chu SY, Cavanaugh J, Guay D. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin following oral administration of clarithromycin 500 mg tablet. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 513.

70. Chu SY, Sunnello LT, Bunnell ST. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin in subjects with varying renal function. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 514.

71. Gan VN, Chu SY, Kusmiesz HT et al. Single & multi-dose pharmacokinetics in children of clarithromycin granules for suspension. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 517.

72. Zundörf H, Wishchmann L, Fassender M et al. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and possible with H2 blocker and antacids. Proceedings of ICAAC Chicago 1991. Abstract No. 515.

73. Kohno Y, Yoshida H, Suwa T et al. Uptake of clarithromycin by rat lung cells. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990; 26:503-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2147673?dopt=AbstractPlus

74. Fernandes PB, Ramer N, Rode RA et al. Bioassay for A-56268 (TE-031) and identification of its major metabolite, 14-hydroxy-6-O-methyl erythromycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988; 7:73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2967754?dopt=AbstractPlus

75. Sefton AM, Maskell JP, Yong FJ et al. Comparative in vitro activity of A-56268. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988; 7:798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2975218?dopt=AbstractPlus

76. Renaudin H, Bebéar C. Comparative in vitro activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and lomefloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990; 9:838-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1964899?dopt=AbstractPlus

77. Rastogi N, Labrousse V. Extracellular and intracellular activities of clarithromycin used alone and in association with ethambutol and rifampin against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:462-70. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245033&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1828135?dopt=AbstractPlus

78. Powell M, Chen HY, Weinhardt B et al. In-vitro cidal activity of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite (A-62671) against Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27:694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1832146?dopt=AbstractPlus

79. Barry AL, Fernandes PB, Jorgensen JH et al. Variability of clarithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility tests with Haemophilus influenzae in four different broth media and correlation with the standard disk diffusion test. J Clin Microbiol. 1988; 26:2415-20. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=266903&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2976773?dopt=AbstractPlus

80. Logan MN, Ashby JP, Andrews JM et al. The in-vitro and disc susceptibility testing of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991; 27:161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1829073?dopt=AbstractPlus

81. Jorgensen JH, Maher LA, Howell AW. Activity of clarithromycin and its principal human metabolite against Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:1524-6. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=245208&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1834012?dopt=AbstractPlus

82. Barry AL, Thornsberry C, Jones RN. In vitro activity of a new macrolide, A-56268, compared with that of roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:343-5. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174723&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2952064?dopt=AbstractPlus

83. Fernandes PB, Hardy DJ. Comparative in vitro potencies of nine new macrolides. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1988; 14: 445-51.

84. Eliopoulos GM, Reiszner E, Ferraro MJ et al. Comparative in-vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1988; 20:671-5.

85. Hodinka RL, Jack-Wait K, Gilligan PH. Comparative in vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987; 6:103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2952499?dopt=AbstractPlus

86. Floyd-Reising S, Hindler JA, Young LS. In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic, compared with that of erythromycin and other antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:640-2. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174797&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2955742?dopt=AbstractPlus

87. Berlin OG, Young LS, Floyd-Reising SA et al. Comparative in vitro activity of the new macrolide A-56268 against mycobacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987; 6:486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2959472?dopt=AbstractPlus

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432. Roche Pharmaceuticals. Fortovase (saquinavir) soft gelatin capsules prescribing information. Nutley, NJ; 2003 Dec.

433. Abbott. Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) capsules and oral solution prescribing information. North Chicago, IL; 2004 Feb.

434. Abbott. Norvir (ritonavir) soft gelatin capsules and oral solution prescribing information. Nutley, NJ; 2005 Mar 28.

435. Bristol-Myers Squibb. Sustiva (efavirenz) capsules and tablets prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2004 Aug.

436. Boehringer Ingelheim. Viramune (nevirapine) tablets and oral suspension prescribing information. Ridgefield, CT; 2005 Jan 11.

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455. Novartis. Enablex (darifenacin hydrobromide) extended-release tablets prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ; 2004 Dec.

456. Genentech. Tarceva (erlotinib) tablets prescribing information. San Francisca, CA; 2004.

457. Sepracor. Lunesta (Eszopiclone) tablets prescribing information. Marlborough, MA; 2005 Feb.

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