Vancomycin (Monograph)

Brand names: Firvanq, Vancocin
Drug class: Glycopeptides
VA class: AM900
Molecular formula: C₆₆H₇₅Cl₂N₉O₂₄ • HCl
CAS number: 1404-93-9

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Oct 13, 2022. Written by ASHP.

Warning

Certain formulations of vancomycin injection contain the excipients polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and N-acetyl D-alanine (NADA), which may cause fetal malformations.²⁶⁹
Avoid use of vancomycin formulations containing PEG 400 and NADA in pregnant patients.²⁶⁹

Introduction

Antibacterial; tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Uses for Vancomycin

Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

Oral vancomycin is used for treatment of diarrhea caused by Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) infection (CDI; C. difficile-associated diarrhea [CDAD]).¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁸

Oral vancomycin is also used for treatment of enterocolitis caused by S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]).¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Orally administered vancomycin is not effective for the treatment of other types of infections.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

IV vancomycin is used principally for treatment of serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria in patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to penicillins or cephalosporins or for treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections that are resistant to β-lactams and other anti-infectives.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Effectiveness of IV vancomycin has been documented in staphylococcal infections such as endocarditis, septicemia, bone infections, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ³¹⁵ ⁴¹⁶ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁵¹² ⁵⁴³

IV vancomycin is used for initial therapy when MRSA is suspected;¹⁵⁵ after susceptibility data are available, therapy should be adjusted accordingly.¹⁵⁵

When staphylococcal infections are localized and purulent, antibiotics are used as adjuncts to appropriate surgical measures.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

See individual sections below in Uses for additional details on the use of vancomycin in specific gram-positive infections.

C. difficile-associated Diarrhea

Used orally for treatment of diarrhea caused by Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) infection (CDI) in adults and pediatric patients.⁷ ¹² ¹²² ¹⁷⁸ ¹⁸⁰ ¹⁸¹ ¹⁹⁷ ²¹¹ ²¹² ²¹³ ²¹⁵ ²¹⁶ ²¹⁷ ²¹⁸ ²¹⁹ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁸

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) has published guidelines on the management of CDI.⁷ ¹²

The guidelines state that oral vancomycin (125 mg 4 times daily for 10 days) or fidaxomicin (200 mg twice daily for 10 days) may be used for initial treatment of CDI; however, fidaxomicin may be preferred when both agents are available.⁷ ¹²

Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for fulminant CDI (characterized by hypotension or shock, ileus, or megacolon); IV metronidazole is also recommended in conjunction with vancomycin, especially if ileus is present.¹²

Enterocolitis Caused by S. aureus

Used orally for treatment of enterocolitis caused by S. aureus (including MRSA) in adults and pediatric patients.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Enterocolitis caused by S. aureus (including MRSA) is rare.²⁷⁷ ²⁷⁸ ²⁷⁹ ²⁸⁰ ²⁸¹ ²⁸² Usually, patients are successfully treated with oral vancomycin,²⁷⁷ ²⁷⁸ ²⁸⁰ ²⁸² but other antibiotic therapy or surgical intervention has been required.²⁷⁹ ²⁸¹

Endocarditis

Used IV for treatment of endocarditis caused by staphylococci (e.g., S. aureus or S. epidermidis, including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci (e.g., viridans streptococci, S. bovis [also known as S. gallolyticus]), or enterococci (e.g., E. faecalis).¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁴⁵² Also has been effective for treatment of diphtheroid endocarditis.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

The American Heart Association (AHA) has published guidelines on the management of infective endocarditis in adults⁴⁵⁰ and children.⁴⁵²

Initial therapy of infective endocarditis is generally empiric; selection of an appropriate empiric antibiotic regimen is based on patient characteristics, prior antimicrobial exposures, microbiological findings, and other factors (e.g., injection drug use, indwelling cardiovascular medical devices, genitourinary disorders, chronic skin disorders, prosthetic valve replacement).⁴⁵⁰ Once cultures are available, the antimicrobial regimen should be adjusted accordingly.⁴⁵⁰

Vancomycin is generally recommended for treatment of endocarditis caused by MRSA.⁴⁵⁰ Use alone or in a combination regimen (e.g., with rifampin and gentamicin) based on whether patient has native- or prosthetic-valve endocarditis.⁴⁵⁰

Used alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside for endocarditis caused by S. viridans or S. bovis (also known as S. gallolyticus).²⁶⁶

Used in combination with an aminoglycoside for treatment of endocarditis caused by enterococci (e.g., E. faecalis).¹⁵⁵

Respiratory Tract Infections

IV vancomycin has been used in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections due to staphylococci.²⁶⁶

The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) have published guidelines on the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).⁵¹²

Although not considered a drug of choice for empiric treatment of CAP, IV vancomycin has been included in anti-infective regimens for CAP.⁵¹²

Also has been used for empiric coverage against MRSA in patients with nosocomial pneumonia.³¹⁵

For empiric treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia, ATS and IDSA recommend use of broad-spectrum anti-infectives with activity against gram-positive (e.g., S. aureus) and gram-negative (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria.³¹⁵

Skin and Skin Structure Infections

IV vancomycin is used in the treatment of various skin and skin structure infections due to staphylococci (e.g., cutaneous abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles, inflamed epidermoid cysts, cellulitis, surgical site infections, necrotizing fasciitis, pyomyositis, clostridial gas gangrene).¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ⁵⁴³

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has published guidelines on the management of skin and soft tissue infections.⁵⁴³ An antibiotic that is active against MRSA is recommended in patients with these infections who have failed initial antibiotic treatment, have markedly impaired host defenses, or have systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and hypotension.⁵⁴³

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery

IV vancomycin (usually administered as a single preoperative dose) has been used for the prevention of surgical site infections.³⁶⁰ ³⁷⁴ However, routine use of vancomycin for antimicrobial surgical prophylaxis is not recommended since such use may promote emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci or staphylococci.³⁶⁰ ³⁷⁴

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Surgical Infection Society (SIS), and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) have published a joint guideline on antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery.³⁷⁴

The guideline states that routine use of vancomycin is not recommended for any procedure; however, vancomycin may be included in the treatment regimen when a cluster of MRSA cases (e.g., mediastinitis after cardiac procedures) or methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci surgical site infections has been observed at a particular institution or in patients with known MRSA colonization or at high risk for MRSA colonization in the absence of surveillance data (e.g., recent hospitalization, nursing-home residents, patients receiving hemodialysis).³⁷⁴

Meningitis and Other CNS Infections

Has been used for empiric treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis^{† [off-label]}, in conjunction with an anti-pseudomonal β-lactam (e.g., cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem).⁴¹⁶

Has been used for the treatment of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis^{† [off-label]} caused by MRSA.⁴¹⁶

Corynebacterium Infections

Has been used for the treatment of infections caused by Corynebacterium ^{† [off-label]}, including pulmonary infections, central venous catheter-related infections, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, and orthopedic infections.¹⁴⁹ ²⁸⁷ ²⁸⁸ ²⁸⁹ ²⁹⁰ ²⁹¹ ²⁹² ²⁹³

Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease

IV vancomycin has been used as an alternative to parenteral penicillin G or ampicillin for prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease^{† [off-label]} in certain women with a high-risk penicillin allergy and whose GBS isolate is not susceptible to clindamycin.¹⁵⁸

Febrile Neutropenia

Although IV vancomycin generally not recommended as a standard part of the initial antibiotic regimen for empiric anti-infective therapy in patients with febrile neutropenia^{† [off-label]}, consideration may be given to adding vancomycin to recommended empiric anti-infective therapy for other specific clinical conditions (e.g., suspected catheter-related infection, skin or soft-tissue infection, pneumonia, hemodynamic instability).⁷⁸⁷

Vancomycin Dosage and Administration

General

Patient Monitoring

Monitor renal function, especially in patients with underlying renal impairment, patients with risk factors for renal impairment, and patients receiving concomitant therapy with nephrotoxic drugs.¹⁹⁷ Nephrotoxicity has been reported following both oral and IV administration of vancomycin and can occur during or after completion of therapy.¹⁹⁷
Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin is recommended in certain patients and situations (e.g., serious methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] infections, pediatric patients).¹⁹⁷ ³¹⁶
Monitor patient's BP during IV infusion of vancomycin.¹¹⁸ ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ ¹³⁶ ¹⁵⁵

Administration

Administer orally¹⁹⁷ or by IV infusion.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁵⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹ Should not be given IM;²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ safety and efficacy of intrathecal (intralumbar or intraventricular), intracameral, intravitreal, or intraperitoneal administration have not been determined.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Administered orally for treatment of Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea or enterocolitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]).¹² ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ Administered IV for treatment of systemic infections.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁵⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰

Oral vancomycin is not effective for treatment of systemic infections.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Oral Administration

Administer orally as capsules or powder for oral solution.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ Alternatively, an oral solution prepared using the parenteral preparation can be given orally by mouth or via NG tube.¹⁵⁷ ²⁶⁷ ²⁷¹ ²⁷²

Preparation of Oral Solution Using Commercially Available Powder for Oral Solution

Reconstitute powder for oral solution with supplied diluent.²⁶⁸ Tap the bottle of powder first on a hard surface to loosen the powder, then shake the bottle of diluent and add approximately half of the diluent to powder.²⁶⁸ Shake the mixture for approximately 45 seconds.²⁶⁸ Then, add the remaining diluent and shake again for approximately 30 seconds.²⁶⁸ The final concentration of the solution is 25 or 50 mg/mL.²⁶⁸

Preparation of Oral Solution Using Lyophilized Powder for IV Administration

When necessary, an oral solution may be prepared by diluting the appropriate dose of the parental form of vancomycin lyophilized powder in 30 mL of water.²⁶⁷ The 500-mg single-use vial should be used to prepare these oral solutions;²⁶⁷ ADD-Vantage vials should not be used to prepare such oral solutions,²⁶⁶ and premixed solutions of vancomycin hydrochloride injection should not be administered orally.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁹

IV Infusion

For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.

Usually administered by intermittent IV infusion.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Has been administered by continuous IV infusion.³¹⁶

Various commercial IV preparations of vancomycin are available.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁵⁷ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹ ²⁷²

Lyophilized powder: must reconstitute and further dilute prior to administration.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷² Reconstitute powder by adding 10, 15, 20, or 30 mL of sterile water for injection to a vial containing 500 mg, 750 mg, 1 g, or 1.5 g of vancomycin to provide a solution containing 50 mg/mL.²⁶⁷ Further dilute in at least 100 mL of compatible IV solution.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷² Consult the manufacturer's prescribing information for detailed instructions on preparation of this dosage form.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷²

ADD-Vantage vials: reconstitute according to the manufacturer’s instructions using 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection.²⁶⁶ ADD-Vantage vials should be used only when actual doses of 500 mg, 750 mg, or 1 g are appropriate and should not be used in neonates, infants, or young children who require doses <500 mg.²⁶⁶

Pharmacy bulk package: reconstitution of the lyophilized powder and further dilution are required prior to administration.¹⁵⁷ ²⁷¹ Consult manufacturer's prescribing information for detailed instructions on preparation of this dosage form.¹⁵⁷ ²⁷¹

Frozen premixed solution in single-dose Galaxy plastic containers: thaw solution at room temperature (25°C) or under refrigeration (5°C); do not thaw by immersion in a water bath or by exposure to microwave radiation.¹⁵⁵ A precipitate may form in the frozen state; however, this will usually dissolve with little or no agitation upon reaching room temperature, and the potency of the drug is not affected.¹⁵⁵ Do not use thawed injection in series connections with other plastic containers.¹⁵⁵

Premixed single-dose flexible bags containing vancomycin in liquid (consisting of water and PEG together with the excipients NADA and lysine):²⁶⁹ this formulation should only be used in patients who require the entire dose of the drug contained in the bags and not any fraction thereof.²⁶⁹

Rate of Administration

Administer by IV infusion over ≥1 hour.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Rapid IV administration (e.g., over several minutes) may cause hypotension, including shock and rarely cardiac arrest, and should be avoided.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Adverse effects may be minimized if infusion rate is ≤10 mg/minute,²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ but consider that adverse effects associated with vancomycin infusions could occur with any infusion rate.¹⁵⁵ ²⁴⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

To achieve optimal serum vancomycin concentrations while minimizing toxicity, therapeutic drug monitoring of IV vancomycin is recommended in certain clinical situations.²⁹⁴ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰⁷ ³¹⁶

A consensus guideline on therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious MRSA infections (e.g., bacteremia, sepsis, infective endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis) has been published by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP).³¹⁶

The primary predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter for vancomycin efficacy is the AUC/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio.²⁹⁴ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰⁷ ³¹¹ An AUC/MIC ratio ≥400 mg×h/L (with MIC determined by broth dilution [BMD]) has been established as the current accepted critical target for optimum vancomycin activity.³⁰⁰ ³⁰⁷ ³⁰⁸ ³¹⁰ ³¹¹ ³¹² ³¹³ ³¹⁴ ³¹⁶

Although used more extensively in the past, trough vancomycin concentration monitoring may be insufficient to guide vancomycin dosing in all patients.³⁰⁷ ³⁰⁸ ³¹⁰ ³¹¹ ³¹³ ³¹⁶ Trough-only monitoring, with a target of 15–20 mg/L, is no longer recommended based on efficacy and nephrotoxicity data in patients with serious infections due to MRSA.³¹⁶

Current guidelines recommend AUC-guided therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in both adults and pediatric patients with serious MRSA infections.³¹⁶ There is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations on vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring for patients with MSSA, noninvasive MRSA, or other infections.³¹⁶

Two AUC-based therapeutic monitoring methods have been described (Bayesian method and first-order pharmacokinetic equations based on the collection of 2 timed steady-state serum vancomycin concentrations to estimate the AUC).³⁰⁸ ³⁰⁹ ³¹¹ ³¹² ³¹⁶ Although AUC-based therapeutic drug monitoring methods present logistical and clinical challenges, they may be preferred dosing strategies due to their ability to increase the proportion of patients who obtain vancomycin AUC/MIC ratios within therapeutic range, potentially decreasing unnecessary high exposures to the drug and preventing associated toxicities.³¹¹ ³¹² ³¹³ ³¹⁴ ³¹⁶

The guidelines state that in patients with suspected or definitive serious MRSA infections, an individualized target AUC/MIC_BMD ratio of 400–600 mg×h/L (assuming a vancomycin MIC_BMD of 1 mg/L) should be advocated to achieve clinical efficacy while improving patient safety.³¹⁶

For additional information, consult the guideline document at [Web].³¹⁶

Dosage

Available as vancomycin hydrochloride; dosage expressed in terms of vancomycin.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

A consensus guideline published by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP) provides recommendations for vancomycin dosing and monitoring in the treatment of serious MRSA infections (e.g., bacteremia, sepsis, infective endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis).³¹⁶ Consult the guidelines for additional information ([Web])

Pediatric Patients

General Dosage for Neonates

Systemic Infections

Manufacturer recommends 15 mg/kg initially, followed by 10 mg/kg either every 12 hours (in neonates <1 week of age) or every 8 hours (in neonates 1 week to 1 month of age).¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Close monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations is recommended.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Longer dosing intervals may be necessary in premature infants.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) provides recommendations for vancomycin dosing in neonates based on serum creatinine concentrations.¹²² An initial IV loading dose of 20 mg/kg is recommended followed by a maintenance dosage in Table 1.¹²²

The maintenance dosage should begin at the same number of hours after the loading dose as the interval in the recommended dosage regimen.¹²²

For invasive MRSA infections, a 24-hour AUC/MIC ratio ≥400 mg×h/L is recommended based on adult studies.¹²²

Table 1. AAP Recommended General Dosage of Vancomycin in Neonates Following an Initial Loading Dose of 20 mg/kg. 122
Gestational Age	Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)	Dosage
28 weeks or less	Less than 0.5	15 mg/kg every 12 hours
	0.5–0.7	20 mg/kg every 24 hours
	0.8–1	15 mg/kg every 24 hours
	1.1–1.4	10 mg/kg every 24 hours
	Greater than 1.4	15 mg/kg every 48 hours
Greater than 28 weeks	Less than 0.7	15 mg/kg every 12 hours
	0.7–0.9	20 mg/kg every 24 hours
	1–1.2	15 mg/kg every 24 hours
	1.3–1.6	10 mg/kg every 24 hours
	Greater than 1.6	15 mg/kg every 48 hours

General Dosage for Older Children

Systemic Infections

For older infants and children with normal renal function, manufacturers recommend an IV dosage of 10 mg/kg every 6 hours.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ AAP suggests that children ≥1 month of age receive IV vancomycin in a dosage of 45–60 mg/kg daily given in 3–4 divided doses.¹²²

For children with normal renal function and suspected serious MRSA infections (including pneumonia, pyomyositis, multifocal osteomyelitis, complicated bacteremia, and necrotizing fasciitis), the consensus guideline by ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP recommends an initial vancomycin dosage 60–80 mg/kg per day, in divided doses given every 6 hours for children 3 months to <12 years of age and a dosage of 60–70 mg/kg per day, in divided doses given every 6 to 8 hours, for pediatric patients ≥12 years old.³¹⁶

CDI

Oral

For treatment of diarrhea caused by CDI, usual dosage is 40 mg/kg daily given in 3 or 4 divided doses for 7–10 days.¹²² ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ Dosage should not exceed 2 g daily.¹²² ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Enterocolitis Caused by S. aureus (Including MRSA)

Oral

Usual dosage is 40 mg/kg daily given in 3 or 4 divided doses for 7–10 days.¹² ¹²² ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ The total daily dosage should not exceed 2 g.¹²² ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Adults

General Adult Dosage

Treatment of Life-threatening Systemic Infections

500 mg every 6 hours or 1 g every 12 hours.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

In critically ill patients with suspected or documented serious MRSA infections, the consensus guideline by ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP states that a vancomycin loading dose of 20–35 mg/kg (based on actual body weight with a maximum dose of 3000 mg) can be considered for intermittent-infusion administration.³¹⁶ A vancomycin loading dose of 20–25 mg/kg using actual body weight, with a maximum dose of 3000 mg, may be considered in obese adult patients with serious infections.³¹⁶

CDI

Oral

For treatment of diarrhea caused by CDI, usual dosage is 125 mg 4 times daily for 10 days.¹² ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

For treatment of a first recurrence of CDI, vancomycin in a tapered and pulsed regimen or vancomycin as a standard course may be given.¹² An example of a tapered and pulsed regimen is as follows: vancomycin 125 mg 4 times daily for 10–14 days, initially; followed by 125 mg twice daily for 7 days; then, 125 mg once daily for 7 days; then, 125 mg once every 2–3 days for 2–8 weeks.¹²

Enterocolitis Caused by S. aureus (Including MRSA)

Oral

Usual dosage is 0.5–2 g daily given in 3 or 4 divided doses for 7–10 days.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Infection†

IV

20 mg/kg (not exceeding 2 g) of vancomycin given IV every 8 hours until delivery.¹⁵⁸ When indicated, such prophylaxis is initiated at the time of labor or rupture of membranes.¹⁵⁸

Perioperative Prophylaxis†

Cardiac, Neurosurgical, Orthopedic, Thoracic (Noncardiac), or Vascular Surgery†

A single 15-mg/kg dose given IV.³⁷⁴

Because vancomycin should be infused over 1–2 hours, start the infusion within 120 minutes prior to the time of incision.³⁷⁴

Prescribing Limits

Pediatric Patients

The consensus guideline by ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP states that the maximum empiric daily dose of IV vancomycin is usually 3.6 g in children with adequate renal function.³¹⁶

Adults

The consensus guideline by ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP states that loading doses of vancomycin in critically ill patients with suspected or documented serious MRSA infections should be based on actual body weight and not exceed 3 g.³¹⁶

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Limited data suggest dosage adjustments not necessary.²⁶⁴

Renal Impairment

Treatment of Systemic Infections

IV

Doses and/or frequency of administration must be modified in response to the degree of renal impairment.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

The consensus guideline published by ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP recommends vancomycin loading and maintenance doses for patients with serious MRSA infections who are receiving hemodialysis (see Table 2).³¹⁶

Table 2. ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP Recommended Loading and Maintenance Doses of Vancomycin in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis.316
Timing	Dialyzer Permeability	Vancomycin Dosage
After dialysis ends	Low permeability	Loading Dose: 25 mg/kg
		Maintenance Dosage: 7.5 mg/kg three times a week
	High permeability	Loading Dose: 25 mg/kg
		Maintenance Dosage: 10 mg/kg three times a week
Intradialytic	Low permeability	Loading Dose: 30 mg/kg
		Maintenance Dosage: 7.5–10 mg/kg three times a week
	High permeability	Loading Dose: 35 mg/kg
		Maintenance Dosage: 10–15 mg/kg three times a week

ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP recommends a loading dose of 20–25 mg/kg based on actual body weight in patients with serious MRSA infections who are receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) at conventional, KDIGO-recommended effluent rates.³¹⁶ The initial vancomycin maintenance dosage for such patients should be 7.5–10 mg/kg every 12 hours.³¹⁶ Consult the guidelines for additional information ([Web])

Geriatric Patients

Cautious dosage selection (usually starting at the low end of the dosing range) because of age-related decreases in renal function.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Obese Patients

Consider loading dose of 20–25 mg/kg (up to a maximum dose of 3 g) based on actual body weight in obese adult patients with serious infections.³¹⁶ Calculate initial maintenance dosage using a population pharmacokinetic estimate of vancomycin clearance and the target AUC in obese patients.³¹⁶ Empiric maintenance doses for most obese patients do not exceed 4.5 g/day, depending on renal function.³¹⁶ Early and frequent monitoring of AUC exposure is recommended for dosage adjustment, especially when empiric doses exceed 4 g/day.³¹⁶ Consult the guidelines for additional information ([Web])

Cautions for Vancomycin

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to vancomycin.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁸
Commercially available frozen vancomycin hydrochloride injection in 5% dextrose may be contraindicated in patients with known allergy to corn or corn products.¹⁵⁵

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Potential Risk of Exposure to Excipients During the First or Second Trimester of Pregnancy with Certain Formulations

Certain formulations of vancomycin injection contain the excipients polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and N-acetyl D-alanine (NADA), which may cause fetal malformations.²⁶⁹ Avoid use of such formulations in pregnant patients.²⁶⁹ (See Boxed Warning.)

Ototoxicity

Ototoxicity has occurred during parenteral vancomycin therapy; such toxicity rarely observed during oral vancomycin therapy.¹⁴⁶ ¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁸ ²⁹⁴

Ototoxicity included damage to the auditory branch of the eighth cranial nerve and permanent deafness, vertigo, dizziness, and tinnitus.¹³² ¹³⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Most cases involved patients with renal impairment, patients receiving high dose or prolonged IV therapy, patients with preexisting hearing loss, or those receiving other ototoxic drugs concomitantly.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Ototoxicity usually has been associated with serum or blood vancomycin concentrations of 80–100 mcg/mL, but has occurred with concentrations as low as 25 mcg/mL.¹³²

Ototoxicity may be transient or permanent.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Serial auditory function testing may minimize risk of ototoxicity.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Nephrotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity has occurred during parenteral vancomycin therapy; such toxicity rarely observed during oral vancomycin therapy.¹⁴⁶ ¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁸ ²⁹⁴

Nephrotoxicity included increased BUN or S_cr concentrations, presence of hyaline and granular casts and albumin in urine, fatal uremia, and acute interstitial nephritis.¹³² ¹³³ ¹³⁴

Reported most frequently in patients with renal impairment, patients receiving high dose or prolonged IV therapy, or those receiving other nephrotoxic drugs concomitantly.²⁵⁶

Although there is conflicting data regarding causal relationship between vancomycin exposures and nephrotoxicity, increased risk of nephrotoxicity observed in patients with trough serum vancomycin concentrations ≥15 mg/L compared with trough concentrations <15 mg/L.²⁹⁴ ³⁰⁷ ³⁰⁸ Limited data show that AUC ≥600 mg×h/L may be associated with increased risk of nephrotoxicity.³⁰⁸ ³¹² ³¹⁴

Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Perform urinalysis and renal function tests periodically during therapy.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Infusion Reactions

Rapid IV administration may result in a potentially serious hypotensive reaction.¹¹² ¹¹⁸ ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ ¹³⁶ ¹³⁷ ¹³⁸ ¹³⁹ ¹⁴³ ²³⁸ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁷

These infusion reactions referred to as vancomycin flushing syndrome (previously referred to as “red man syndrome”) usually involve a sudden and possibly severe decrease in BP and may be accompanied by flushing and/or a maculopapular or erythematous rash on the face, neck, chest, and upper extremities.¹¹² ¹¹⁸ ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ ¹³⁵ ¹³⁶ ¹³⁷ ¹⁴² ¹⁴³ Latter manifestations may occur in the absence of hypotension.¹²⁰ ¹³⁵ ¹³⁶ ¹⁴² ²³⁸ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁷ Wheezing, dyspnea, angioedema, urticaria, pruritus, and, rarely, cardiac arrest or seizures may also occur.¹³⁹ ¹²¹ ¹³⁸

The reaction usually begins a few minutes after infusion is started, but may not occur until after its completion and usually resolves spontaneously over 1 to several hours after discontinuance.¹¹⁸ ¹²⁰ ¹³⁵ ¹³⁶ ¹⁴³ ²³⁸ If the hypotensive reaction is severe, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or IV fluids are recommended.¹¹⁸ ¹²⁰ ¹³⁶

To minimize risk of infusion reaction, administer IV over a period of ≥1 hour using a rate ≤10 mg/minute and monitor BP.¹¹⁸ ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ ¹³⁶ ¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Avoid rapid IV administration (e.g., over several minutes).¹⁵⁵

Pretreatment with antihistamines may attenuate but not eliminate the risk of infusion reactions.²⁴⁴ ¹³⁶ ¹⁴¹ ¹⁴⁴

Concomitant administration of vancomycin and anesthetic agents has been associated with an increased frequency of infusion-related events (e.g., hypotension, flushing, erythema, urticaria, pruritus).¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Infusion-related events may be minimized by the administration of vancomycin as a 60-minute infusion prior to anesthetic induction.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Sensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Anaphylaxis, urticaria, exfoliative dermatitis, macular rashes, exfoliative dermatitis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome reported.¹³¹ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Rapid IV administration may result in anaphylactoid reaction involving hypotension, wheezing, dyspnea, urticaria, or pruritus.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

General Precautions

Ocular Effects

Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV), including permanent blindness, has occurred in patients receiving vancomycin by intracameral or intravitreal injection during or after cataract surgery.¹⁵⁵

Safety and efficacy of vancomycin administered by the intracameral or intravitreal route not established; vancomycin is not indicated for prophylaxis of endophthalmitis.¹⁵⁵

Hematologic Effects

Neutropenia, eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia reported.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Neutropenia may occur ≥7 days after initiation of therapy or after a total dose of >25 g and may be rapidly reversible following discontinuance of the drug.²⁶⁶

Monitor leukocyte counts periodically in patients receiving prolonged therapy and in those receiving concomitant therapy with drugs that may cause neutropenia.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Local Reactions

Vancomycin is very irritating to tissues and can cause pain, tenderness, and necrosis if inadvertent extravasation occurs during IV administration.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Thrombophlebitis may occur.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Do not administer by IM injection.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Increased Systemic Absorption

Although not usually appreciably absorbed from GI tract,¹⁰¹ ¹¹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ clinically important serum vancomycin concentrations may occur following multiple enteral or oral doses in patients with active C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis, particularly those with renal impairment.¹⁰¹ ¹¹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Clinically important systemic absorption of vancomycin may occur in some patients receiving oral vancomycin who have inflammatory disorders of intestinal mucosa; this may increase risk of adverse reactions, particularly in those with renal impairment.¹⁹⁷

Consider monitoring serum vancomycin concentrations in patients with renal impairment and/or colitis.¹⁹⁷

C. difficile-associated Diarrhea and Colitis

Treatment with anti-infectives alters normal colon flora and may permit overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile).¹² ²¹³ ²¹⁵

C. difficile infection (CDI) and C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (CDAD; also known as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis or pseudomembranous colitis) have been reported with the use of nearly all anti-infectives, including IV vancomycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis.¹² ¹⁵⁵

Selection and Use of Anti-infectives

To reduce development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of vancomycin and other antibacterials, use only for treatment or prevention of infections proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷

When selecting or modifying anti-infective therapy, use results of culture and in vitro susceptibility testing.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ In the absence of such data, consider local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns when selecting anti-infectives for empiric therapy.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷

Updated guidance regarding implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs, therapeutic vancomycin monitoring, and treatment of specific infections has been published to aid in the appropriate use of antibiotics, including vancomycin.²⁹⁹ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰¹ ³¹⁵ ⁴¹⁶ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁵¹² ⁵⁴³ For additional information, the current IDSA clinical practice guidelines available at [Web] should be consulted.

Warning and Precautions Related to Oral Formulations

Orally administered vancomycin capsules or solution must be used for treatment of Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) infection (CDI; C. difficile-associated diarrhea [CDAD]) and enterocolitis caused by S. aureus.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ Parenteral administration of vancomycin does not effectively treat such infections.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Following oral administration of vancomycin, clinically important serum concentrations reported.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ Systemic absorption of vancomycin following oral administration may occur in patients with inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸ Such patients receiving high doses of oral vancomycin may be at risk for experiencing systemic vancomycin-associated adverse effects; serum concentration monitoring may be warranted in certain situations (e.g., patients with renal insufficiency and/or colitis, concomitant use with an aminoglycoside antibiotic).¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Not known whether vancomycin can cause fetal harm.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

No evidence of teratogenicity or adverse effects on fetal development in animal studies.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

No sensorineural hearing loss or nephrotoxicity due to vancomycin reported in neonates born to women who received the drug IV for severe staphylococcal infections associated with injection drug abuse.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁶⁸ In one infant whose mother received IV vancomycin in the third trimester of pregnancy, conductive hearing loss reported; causal relationship to vancomycin not established.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

No major adverse effects observed in mothers or their newborns when IV vancomycin administered at the time of delivery.²⁶⁸

Use during pregnancy only when clearly needed.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Lactation

Distributed in milk following IV administration;²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ not known whether distributed into milk following oral administration.¹⁹⁷ Discontinue nursing or the drug.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of oral vancomycin not established in pediatric patients.¹⁹⁷

Use IV vancomycin with caution in premature neonates and young infants because of renal immaturity and potential for increased serum vancomycin concentrations; close monitoring of serum concentrations recommended.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Geriatric Use

Monitor renal function during and after treatment with oral vancomycin in all geriatric patients, including those with normal renal function.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Geriatric patients ≥65 years of age may take longer to respond to oral vancomycin therapy compared with patients <65 years of age.¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁸

Select dosage with caution, usually starting at low end of dosing range, because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and potential for concomitant disease and drug therapy.¹⁹⁷

Renal Impairment

Minimally removed by hemodialysis when a low-flux capillary is used (e.g., cuprophan)¹⁰⁷ ¹⁰⁸ ³⁰⁷ or peritoneal dialysis,¹⁰⁹ ¹¹⁰ ¹²³ including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.¹²⁴ ¹²⁵ ¹²⁶ The drug is substantially removed by hemodiafiltration; rebound effect may occur.¹²⁷ ³⁰⁷

Common Adverse Effects

IV: Local effects (pain and thrombophlebitis), infusion reactions, hypersensitivity reactions.²⁶⁶

Oral solution: Nausea, abdominal pain, hypokalemia.²⁶⁸

Drug Interactions

Ototoxic and Nephrotoxic Drugs

Concurrent or sequential use with other ototoxic and/or nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, bacitracin, cisplatin, colistin, furosemide, polymyxin B) may result in additive toxicity and should be avoided, if possible.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Monitor renal and auditory function carefully if used concomitantly with an ototoxic and/or nephrotoxic agent.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Aminoglycosides

In vitro evidence of synergistic antibacterial activity against S. aureus, nonenterococcal group D streptococci (S. bovis [also known as S. gallolyticus]), enterococci, and viridans streptococci¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Increased risk of ototoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Used to therapeutic advantage, but consider possible increased risk of ototoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Anesthetics

Possible increased risk of anaphylactoid reactions and increased risk of vancomycin infusion reactions in patients receiving anesthetic agents;¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ erythema and histamine-like flushing reported¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Infusion-related events may be minimized by the administration of vancomycin as a 60-minute infusion prior to anesthetic induction¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Not appreciably absorbed from GI tract in most patients; must be given parenterally for treatment of systemic infections.¹⁰¹ ¹¹⁷ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Oral bioavailability usually <5%;²⁶⁴ bioavailability increased in C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis and/or in severe renal impairment.¹⁰¹ ¹¹⁷ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Clinically important serum vancomycin concentrations may occur following multiple enteral or oral doses in some patients being treated for active C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis, particularly those with renal impairment.¹⁰¹ ¹¹⁷ ¹⁹⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Special Populations

Serum vancomycin concentrations are higher in patients with renal impairment than in those with normal renal function.¹⁹⁷

Distribution

Extent

Widely distributed into body tissues and diffuses following IV administration, including pericardial, pleural, ascitic, and synovial fluids.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Small amounts are distributed into bile.¹⁰²

Does not readily distribute into CSF in the absence of inflammation unless serum concentrations are exceedingly high.¹⁵⁵ ²³⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Low concentrations may be attained in CSF if meninges are inflamed, but negligible amounts detected in CSF in most patients with uninflamed meninges.¹⁵⁵ ²³⁷ The relationship between CSF concentrations and clinical efficacy of vancomycin in the treatment of meningitis is unclear.²³⁷

Crosses the placenta and is distributed into cord blood.¹⁵⁵

Distributed into milk¹⁵⁵ following IV administration;²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ not known whether distributed into milk following oral administration.¹⁹⁷

Plasma Protein Binding

30–60%.¹⁰³ ¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

May be decreased to 19–29% in those with hypoalbuminemia (e.g., burn patients, those with end-stage renal disease).²⁶⁴

Elimination

Metabolism

Does not appear to be metabolized.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Elimination Route

Following oral administration, excreted mainly in feces.¹⁹⁷

Following IV administration, 75–90% of a dose eliminated unchanged in urine by glomerular filtration.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Removed by hemodialysis;¹⁰⁷ ¹⁰⁸ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ substantially removed by hemofiltration.¹²⁷

Only minimally removed by peritoneal dialysis,¹⁰⁹ ¹¹⁰ ¹²³ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ including CAPD.¹²⁴ ¹²⁵ ¹²⁶

Half-life

Adults with normal renal function: 4–7 hours.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Accumulation tends to occur after 2–3 days of IV administration at 6- or 12-hour intervals.

Geriatric adults: 12.1 hours.²⁶⁴

Neonates and infants: 6.7 hours in full-term neonates and 4.1 hour in infants ≥1 month but <1 year of age.²⁶⁴

Children 2.5–11 years of age: 5.6 hours.²⁶⁴

Special Populations

Geriatric patients: Renal clearance may be decreased.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷

Renal impairment: Elimination half-life is increased.¹⁰⁴ ¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ ¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Half-life averages 32.3 hours (range: 10.1–75.1 hours) in patients with Cl_cr 10–60 mL/minute and 146.7 hours (range: 44.1–406.4 hours) in those with Cl_cr <10 mL/minute.¹⁰⁶

Burn patients: Increased clearance; half-life averages 4 hours.²⁶⁴

Stability

Storage

Oral

Capsules

15–30°C.¹⁹⁷

Powder for Oral Solution

2–8°C.²⁶⁸ Protect powder for oral solution from light; do not freeze.²⁶⁸

Store reconstituted oral solution at 2–8°C when not in use. Discard the reconstituted solution after 14 days or if it appears hazy or contains particulates.²⁶⁸

Parenteral

Powder for Infusion

20–25°C.¹⁵⁷ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹ ²⁷² One manufacturer states that excursions between 15–30°C are permitted.²⁷⁰

After further dilution to a concentration of 5 mg/mL in 5–30% dextrose injection, solutions are stable when stored in plastic syringes for 24 hours at 4°C and then subsequently for 2 hours at room temperature.¹²⁹

When reconstituted as directed using 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection, solutions prepared from ADD-Vantage vials are stable for 24 hours at room temperature or 14 days in a refrigerator.²⁶⁶

Injection, for IV Infusion

Commercially available premixed vancomycin injection in water with polyethylene glycol 400, N-acetyl-D-alanine, and L-lysine hydrochloride: <25°C.²⁶⁹ Use within 28 days following removal from aluminum pouch.²⁶⁹

Injection (Frozen)

-20° C or lower.¹⁵⁵ After thawing, may be stored for 72 hours at room temperature (25°C) or up to 30 days at 5°C.¹⁵⁵

Compatibility

Parenteral

Solution CompatibilityHID

Compatible
Dextrose 5% in Ringer's injection, lactated
Dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.9%
Dextrose 5 or 10% in water
Normosol M in dextrose 5%
Ringer’s injection, lactated
Sodium chloride 0.9%
Sodium lactate (1/6) M

Actions and Spectrum

A tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly Nocardia orientalis).¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷
Usually bactericidal.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Binds to the bacterial cell wall and blocks glycopeptide polymerization; inhibits cell wall synthesis and causes damage to the cytoplasmic membrane.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Spectrum of activity includes many gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Inactive against gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Gram-positive bacteria: Active against Staphylococci aureus and S. epidermidis (including MRSA), S. pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic streptococci), S. pneumoniae (including penicillin-resistant strains), S. agalactiae (group B streptococci), viridans streptococci, nonenterococcal group D streptococci (S. bovis [also known as S. gallolyticus]), enterococci (e.g., Enterococcus faecalis), Corynebacterium, and Clostridioides (C. difficile).¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷ Also active in vitro against Actinomyces, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Listeria monocytogenes.¹⁵⁵ ²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Resistance reported in enterococci (e.g., E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. gallinarum , E. casseliflavus, E. flavescens)¹⁶⁹ ¹⁷⁰ ¹⁷¹ ¹⁷² ¹⁷³ ¹⁷⁴ ¹⁷⁵ ¹⁷⁶ ¹⁷⁷ ²¹⁷ ²¹⁹ ²²² ²²³ ²²⁵ and staphylococci (e.g., S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis).¹¹⁴ ¹⁶⁸ ²²⁰ ²²¹ ²²⁶ ²²⁷ ²²⁸ ²²⁹ ²³⁰ ²³¹

Advice to Patients

Advise patients that vancomycin should only be used to treat bacterial infections and not used to treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold).¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷
Importance of completing full course of therapy, even if feeling better after a few days.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷
Advise patients that skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may decrease effectiveness and increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable with vancomycin or other antibacterials in the future.¹⁵⁵ ¹⁹⁷
Importance of reporting possible manifestations of adverse effects to the clinician, including ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, infusion site reactions, and hypersensitivity.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Risk of diarrhea; usually ends when vancomycin is discontinued.²⁶⁹ If watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) occurs as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the drug, advise patient to contact their physician as soon as possible.²⁶⁹
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, and any concomitant illnesses.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.²⁶⁶ ²⁶⁷
Importance of advising patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Vancomycin Hydrochloride
Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Oral	Capsules	125 mg (of vancomycin)*	Vancocin	Ani
			Vancomycin Hydrochloride Capsule
		250 mg (of vancomycin)*	Vancocin	Ani
			Vancomycin Hydrochloride Capsule
	Powder for Oral Solution	3.75 g	Firvanq (supplied with flavored diluent)	Azurity
		7.5 g	Firvanq (supplied with flavored diluent)	Azurity
		15 g	Firvanq (supplied with flavored diluent)	Azurity
Parenteral	For injection	5 g (of vancomycin) pharmacy bulk package*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
		10 g (of vancomycin) pharmacy bulk package*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
		100 g (of vancomycin) pharmacy bulk package*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
	For injection, for IV infusion	250 mg (of vancomycin)*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
		500 mg (of vancomycin)*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
			Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection ADD-Vantage
		750 mg (of vancomycin)*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
			Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection ADD-Vantage
		1 g (of vancomycin)*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
			Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection ADD-Vantage
		1.25 g (of vancomycin)*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection
		1.5 g (of vancomycin)*	Vancomycin Hydrochloride for Injection

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Dextrose
Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Parenteral	Injection (frozen), for IV infusion	5 mg (of vancomycin) per mL (500 mg, 750 mg, 1 g) in 5% dextrose*	Vancomycin Injection in 5% Dextrose

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride
Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Parenteral	Injection (frozen), for IV infusion	5 mg (of vancomycin) per mL (500 mg, 750 mg, 1 g) in 0.9% sodium chloride*	Vancomycin Injection in 0.9% Sodium Chloride

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Water and PEG
Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Parenteral	Injection, for IV infusion	5 mg (of vancomycin) per mL (500 mg, 750, mg, 1 g, 1.25 g, 1.5 g, 2 g) in diluent consisting of water and PEG, and excipients NADA and lysine*	Vancomycin Injection

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

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110. Ayus JC, Eneas JF, Tong TG et al. Peritoneal clearance and total body elimination of vancomycin during chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol. 1979; 11:129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/436339?dopt=AbstractPlus

111. Krothapalli RK, Senekjian HO, Ayus JC. Efficacy of intravenous vancomycin in the treatment of gram-positive peritonitis in long-term peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med. 1983; 75:345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6881188?dopt=AbstractPlus

112. Newfield P, Roizen MF. Hazards of rapid administration of vancomycin. Ann Intern Med. 1979; 91:581. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/484963?dopt=AbstractPlus

113. Lerner A, Dwyer JM. Desensitization to vancomycin. Ann Intern Med. 1984; 100:157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6691643?dopt=AbstractPlus

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247. Johnson JR, Burke MS, Mahowald ML et al. Life-threatening reaction to vancomycin given for noninfectious fever. Ann Pharmacother. 1999; 33:1043-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10534215?dopt=AbstractPlus

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253. Pharmacia & Upjohn. Zymox (linezolid) injection, tablets, and oral suspension prescribing information. Kalamazoo, MI; 2000 Apr.

254. Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342:710-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706902?dopt=AbstractPlus

255. Noskin GA, Siddiqui F, Stosor V et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against important gram-positive bacterial pathogens including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999; 43:2059-62. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89415&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428937?dopt=AbstractPlus

256. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and the clinical laboratory. Last reviewed November 24, 2010. Available from CDC website. Accessed 2019 Sep 18. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/settings/lab/vreclinical-laboratory.html

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266. Hospira, Inc. Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection ADD-Vantage vials prescribing information. Lake Forest, IL; 2021 Oct.

267. Hospira, Inc. Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection fliptop vial prescribing information. Lake Forest, IL; 2022 Apr.

268. Azurity Pharmaceuticals. Firvanq (vancomycin hydrochloride) for oral solution prescribing information. Wilmington, MA; 2021 Dec.

269. Xellia Pharmaceuticals USA. Vancomycin injection prescribing information. Raleigh, NC; 2019 Feb.

270. Mylan Institutional. Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection prescribing information. Morgantown, WV: 2022 Mar.

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272. Fresenius Kabi. Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection prescribing information. Lake Zurich, IL; 2019 Jan.

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289. Kuriyan AE, Sridhar J, Flynn HW et al. Endophthalmitis Caused by Corynebacterium Species: Clinical Features, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Treatment Outcomes. Ophthalmol Retina. 2017 May-Jun; 1:200-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28971164?dopt=AbstractPlus

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291. Verma R, Kravitz GR. Corynebacterium striatum empyema and osteomyelitis in a patient with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ Case Rep. 2016; 2016 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944378?dopt=AbstractPlus

292. Miura FK, Andrade AF, Randi BA et al. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection caused by Corynebacterium sp: case report and review. Brain Inj. 2014; 28:1223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24910931?dopt=AbstractPlus

293. Kalt F, Schulthess B, Sidler F et al. Corynebacterium Species Rarely Cause Orthopedic Infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2018; 56 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305384?dopt=AbstractPlus

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300. Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer JC et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009; 66:82-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106348?dopt=AbstractPlus

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308. Pai MP, Neely M, Rodvold KA et al. Innovative approaches to optimizing the delivery of vancomycin in individual patients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014; 77:50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24910345?dopt=AbstractPlus

309. Monteiro JF, Hahn SR, Gonçalves J et al. Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring and population pharmacokinetic models in special patient subpopulations. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2018; 6:e00420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30156005?dopt=AbstractPlus

310. Al-Sulaiti FK, Nader AM, Saad MO et al. Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Outcomes of Peak-Trough-Based Versus Trough-Based Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Approaches: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2019; 44:639-652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30919233?dopt=AbstractPlus

311. Neely MN, Kato L, Youn G et al. Prospective Trial on the Use of Trough Concentration versus Area under the Curve To Determine Therapeutic Vancomycin Dosing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018; 62 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29203493?dopt=AbstractPlus

312. Finch NA, Zasowski EJ, Murray KP et al. A Quasi-Experiment To Study the Impact of Vancomycin Area under the Concentration-Time Curve-Guided Dosing on Vancomycin-Associated Nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28923869?dopt=AbstractPlus

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